In order to be able to provide an infrastructure for high-revenue broadband services such as Triple Play, operators are working feverishly to deploy modern networks pragmatic play that support TV and video streaming. But “pure” next-generation networks with a consistent IP infrastructure will remain the exception for the foreseeable future. Even in modern carrier networks, traditional lines will continue to play a role and technologies such as Ethernet over SDH enable the construction of pragmatic solutions.
With Next Generation Networks (NGNs), network operators are deploying an Ethernet IP platform that can support not only services such as Layer 2 VPNs, VLANs and Voice over IP, but also video and TV transmission. These networks consist of IP/MPLS-based transport networks and Ethernet-based metro networks. In order to reach as many customers as possible, these networks support different types of access – on DSL copper lines, cable TV lines and optical Ethernet in the first mile (EFM).
Triple-play services – a combination of Internet access, telephony, TV and video – are said to offer significant sales potential in the consumer segment. Triple play is very attractive for customers: they only pay for one access service and can use the network to make cheap calls, surf the web, watch TV and access videos, games and music for their home entertainment platform. These services can be offered both over DSL lines and over return channel-capable broadband TV cable, so competition for the residential customer business is becoming tougher. DSL providers and TV cable network operators suddenly see themselves as competitors in the same market.
In addition to the competitive risks, there are also opportunities: triple play is seen as a means of increasing average revenue per user (ARPU), acquiring new customers and offsetting falling margins in former cash cow segments such as call charges and DSL access Revenue streams from value-added services. It is therefore hardly surprising that Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are working hard to offer attractive triple-play services and to enrich these services with value-added communication options and entertainment content.
However, to provide these services, ISPs need more than simple data transport infrastructure. They need modern networks that are optimized for real-time applications, capable of maintaining the transmission of TV shows and video-on-demand, and enabling guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS). This is good for carriers, because with the drop in prices in recent years, they can hardly make any significant profits from the mere provision of data transport infrastructure.
Modernization with IP DSLAMs
Broadband infrastructure needs to be upgraded to support triple play services. TV and video streams require much higher bit rates than Internet access and VoIP applications, for example. Because a single video stream today requires a transfer rate between 1 Mbps and 4 Mbps (and this will increase with the advent of tomorrow’s new high-definition TV formats), providers need infrastructures that support transfer rates between 5 Mbps and can support 25 Mbit/s.
In addition, high quality of service is crucial for triple-play services, since, for example, no one would be willing to put up with a jerky movement on TV. Therefore, network operators are currently upgrading their networks to support more sophisticated services such as IPTV (TV and video streaming over Internet Protocol) and making them available to customers via access technologies such as ADSL2+. This means that the subscriber line has to be modernized.
A key component in the new access networks are Internet Protocol DSL Access Multiplexers (IP-DSLAMs). These provide private users with the services on DSL lines and essentially form the backbone of the subscriber line. The multiplexers are connected to the network operator’s IP, MPLS or Ethernet transport infrastructure. Known as backhaul networks, these segments generally use packet-switched circuits, with Ethernet being the connection of choice due to its simplicity. Unlike traditional DSLAMs, IP DSLAMs use IP or Ethernet instead of ATM. In addition to the higher data throughput and the need to transport video streams smoothly, they must also support voice traffic according to the triple-play principle. The equipment must be able to deliver the high quality of service required to sustain real-time Voice over IP and video applications.
Connecting the multiplexers
To connect an IP DSLAM, network operators generally use dark fiber and connect the devices to the fiber via Gigabit Ethernet. Fiber optic is not available in every location, but instead of laying new fiber in such cases, DSL network operators can lease conventional fixed SDH lines to connect their multiplexers. This pragmatic approach is not only more economical, as there is no need to deploy a pure fiber optic infrastructure, but also creates valuable competitive advantages: triple-play providers want to bring their services to market and need to deploy a suitable network infrastructure as quickly as possible.
Simple Conversion As with many point-to-point applications, simple conversion at the protocol level is the most cost-effective means of transporting Ethernet traffic from IP-DSLAM over an SDH network. The Gigabit Ethernet interface of the IP DSLAM is connected via a protocol converter. This converts the Ethernet data into virtual containers (VC-4) and transmits them directly to the network operator’s add-drop multiplexer (ADM) via the STM-1 interface.
A well-known problem associated with Ethernet over SDH is circumvented here: transporting variable-length signals such as Ethernet frames on fixed-size entities such as virtual containers (VC) in SDH is far from efficient. And the scale of the Ethernet traffic (100 Mbit/s, 1000 Mbit/s) does not match the hierarchical levels in SDH (approx. 150 Mbit/s for STM-1 and 450 Mbit/s for STM-3). Thus, transferring traffic on a fully loaded Fast Ethernet interface over an STM-1 line would waste a third of the available bandwidth.
Here, however, the traffic of a gigabit Ethernet interface that is only partially loaded is transported on the STM-1 line and the converter size can be selected according to the actual data throughput. In the application example in the sidebar, an intelligent RIC-155GE Ethernet-over-SDH converter transports Gigabit Ethernet traffic at a maximum rate of around 150 Mbit/s from the IP-DSLAMs over an STM-1 line. This prevents bandwidth loss and eliminates the need for complex and costly solutions such as virtual concatenation technology. If additional bandwidth is required, devices with an STM-4 interface can be used.
The name of the RAD Data Communications product says a lot about the device: it is a rate and interface converter with STM-1 (155 Mbit/s) and Gigabit Ethernet interfaces. The converter has a number of additional functions that make it particularly suitable for use in triple-play capable networks. It supports a large number of MAC addresses and thus a large number of DSL users. In addition, when traffic is high, the converter can buffer data at peak times. The device can also distinguish between applications using VLAN priority tagging – an important capability, especially for the efficient transmission of TV channels (multicasts) in a network.
At a Glance
The necessary IP connectivity is not always available to transport Ethernet data streams. One way to get around this problem is to wrap IP traffic in SDH containers and transport it on an SDH transport network. The bandwidth can be adjusted as needed depending on the data rate.
Closing gaps in IP networks cost-effectivelyTelefónica Deutschland is expanding its broadband infrastructure for business customers and Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Technology from RAD Data Communications is used to connect the Ethernet infrastructure transparently via conventional leased lines: The RIC-155GE Ethernet-over-SDH converter enables the connection of Gigabit Ethernet interfaces via SDH lines.
Telefónica Deutschland has a nationwide MPLS-based backbone. The company is currently building an unbundled Local Loop (LLP) platform. Up to 40 percent of all households in Germany will be connected by the middle of this year. With this state-of-the-art, Ethernet-based DSL infrastructure, service providers can offer broadband services such as ADSL2+ and, later, multimedia services such as Triple Play.
Missing linkAround 1,600 IP DSLAMs are connected via Gigabit Ethernet lines to form ring-shaped metro networks, mostly on dark fiber. However, fiber is not available at every DSLAM site. Telefónica soon found a solution to bridge the gap: it leases SDH lines from other network operators to transport its Ethernet traffic. In order to be prepared for tomorrow’s requirements, the company was looking for an affordable product that transparently converts data traffic and supports multicasts.
Michael C Hall’s Astrology – Numerology Combination – Aquarius (3) the pragmatic idealist
As Dexter Morgan in the Showtime TV series Dexter, Michael C. Hall has mastered the art of playing the macabre character. His previous success on the hit TV series Six Feet Under also falls into this category. This versatile actor has played a variety of roles on Broadway and in live theatre. So what is there about Michael C. Hall’s personality that makes him fit to play moral serial killer Dexter Morgan? Read on to find out what his astrology-numerology combination tells us about this actor with bizarre roles.
Astronomy; Astrology combined with numerology
One’s astrology/numerology combination is an easy way to learn about their basic personality type; All you need is her date of birth. Astronomy combines a person’s sun sign from astrology and their life path from numerology to give us over a hundred different personality types. While calculating the value of your sun sign involves using a table of date ranges, calculating the life path involves calculating the sum of all eight digits of your birth date and then reducing the sum to a single digit using fadic addition. Since we know from Michael C. Hall that his date of birth was February 1, 1971, we can determine that his astrology numerology combination is Aquarius with a Live Path number of (3).
Aquarius (3) – The pragmatic idealist
People with this combination are born cunning slackers; You have the gift of not making commitments or eliminating escape routes. Aquarius 3somes will never burn their bridges and always try to keep their options open. These souls work hard to prevent others from classifying or pinning them down. They will talk to each other for hours without revealing any personal information. The only exception is when they encounter someone who has something magical about them; someone who really fascinates them, they will trade detail for detail.
These souls learn very quickly and can go from beginner to expert quite quickly. You will never let a lack of skill stop you from claiming you can do something. Because how difficult can learning be? Aquarius 3s fit like a chameleon into any group or social class. They will try their hand at many trades before settling down professionally, they are not fickle but feel under no obligation. And these souls must learn to focus in order not to be thrown off course by any interesting pastime.
Conclusion
Michael C. Hall’s astrology/lifepath combination shows ทางเข้า pragmatic play us that his ability to adapt and quickly grasp new skills makes him an excellent method performer. And his natural reluctance to reveal himself to others fits the role of “Dexter” perfectly; a secret serial killer. He will never leave out an interesting role for reasons of content; The more unusual the role, the more it will appeal to him.
